Sunday, August 31, 2008
independence day facts
Independence Day Facts
India woke up to freedom on this day, way back in 1947, after a struggle which spanned centuries. The British handed the rule of the country to the Indian leaders at the stroke of midnight.
India�s Independence is celebrated on this day by hoisting the tri-coloured flag in the state capitals, and holding cultural programmes.
Though schools and colleges may not have a holiday on this day, no academic work is done. Students and teachers gather for a flag hoisting ceremony, and they sing the National Anthem. The rest of the country, however, usually enjoys a holiday on this day.
It is a time when we must sit back and remember the freedom strugglers, without whom we may never have got our freedom.
Rani Laxmi Bai, the Queen of Jhansi, lead her people into a battle against the British in which she fought like a tiger, and was killed heroically.
Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation, lead the country to freedom with his non-violent ideals. He remains a symbol of peace to this day.
Sardar Vallabhai Patel was responsible for uniting the princely states into one country.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, remembered for his court statement in which he proclaimed �Swaraj is my birthright, and I will have it!�
Bhagat Singh, threw a bomb when the Legislature was in session, and was arrested and hung.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was elected President of the Congress when he was just 35.
Dr. Annie Besant, a Britisher, supported India�s freedom struggle wholeheartedly and founded the Home Rule league in India.
Ashfaqualla Khan, a revolutionary who was given the death sentence, kissed the noose before it went around his neck.
Some of the more prominent freedom movements were:
The Mutiny of 1857
This mutiny was the turning point of the freedom movement, though it was suppressed by the British. It was the first organized freedom struggle on such a large scale, and paved the way for further struggles for freedom.
The Civil Disobedience Movement of 1929
It was decided to celebrate Indian Independence Day on the 26th of January. On this day the freedom fighters, spearheaded by Mahatma Gandhi, hoisted India�s national flag. It was decided to completely disregard the orders of the British Government.
The Dandi March of 1930
Gandhi lead a 241-kilometer march to Dandi at the age of 61, and proceeded to make salt in defiance of the law by non-violent means. The British had to arrests millions to enforce the law, causing panic in the administration. This march, in fact, was the first strategy of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
The Quit India Movement of 1942
The year 1942 is now identified more with the movie 1942: A Love Story, than it is with the Quit India Movement! This movement called for a widespread, non-violent struggle for India�s freedom. Before long there were revolts all over the country, demanding that the British �quit India�.
National Anthem? Jana Gana Mana
National Animal? The Tiger
National Bird? The Peacock
National Flower? The Lotus
Sunday, August 17, 2008
Thursday, August 14, 2008
The National Flag of India was adopted in its present form during an ad hoc meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on the 22 July 1947, a few days before India's independence from the British on 15 August, 1947. It has served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950 and that of the Republic of India thereafter.[1] In India, the term "tricolour" [Tirangā – तिरंगा (in Hindi)] almost always refers to the Indian national flag. Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... Image File history File links FIAV_111000. ... Image File history File links Example. ... A constituent assembly is a body elected with the purpose of drafting, and in some cases, adopting a constitution. ... is the 227th day of the year (228th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Dannebrog, national flag of Denmark, is the oldest state flag still in use. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
The flag is a horizontal tricolour of "deep saffron" at the top, white in the middle, and green at the bottom. In the centre, there is a navy blue wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra, taken from the Lion Capital of Asoka erected atop Ashoka pillar at Sarnath. The diameter of this
Chakra is three-fourths of the height of the white strip. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 2:3.[2] The flag is also the Indian Army's war flag, hoisted daily on military installations. Saffron is a shade of yellow resembling the spice saffron. ... Navy blue is an especially dark shade of the color blue. ... The Ashoka Chakra (Pronunced as Ashok Chakra, not Ashokaa Chakraa) is an ancient Indian depiction of the Wheel of Life and Cosmic Order (Sanskrit: Chakra, wheel. ... Emblem of India. ... The pillars of Ashoka are a series of columns dispersed throughout the northern Indian subcontinent, and erected by the Mauryan king Ashoka during his reign in the 3rd century BCE. SAlMAN Ashish Many of the pillars are carved with proclamations reflecting Buddhist teachings: the Edicts of Ashoka. ... Sarnath (also Mrigadava, Migad�ya, Rishipattana, Isipatana) is the deer park where Gautama Buddha first taught the Dharma, and where the Buddhist Sangha came into existence through the enlightenment of Kondanna. ... For the Naruto jutsu, see Chakra (Naruto). ... A war flag (or military flag) is a variant of a national flag for use by the nations military forces on land. ...
It should be pointed out that the actual colour used in the top band in all depictions of the flag—including this page—is either blaze orange or pumpkin rather either than saffron or deeper shades of saffron like goldenrod or dark goldenrod.[3] Goldenrod is a color that resembles the goldenrod plant. ...
The Indian National Flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya.[4] The official flag specifications require that the flag be made only of "khadi," a special type of hand-spun yarn. The display and use of the flag are strictly enforced by the Indian Flag Code.[2]
Design
The following are the approximate colours of the Indian flag in different colour models. It is sorted into the HTML RGB web colours (hexadecimal notation); the CMYK equivalent; dye colours and the Pantone equivalent number.[1] HTML, short for Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. ... A representation of additive color mixing—In CRT based (analog electronics) television three color electron guns are used to stimulate such an arrangement of phosphorescent coatings of the glass, the resultant reemission of photons providing the image seen by the eye. ... Web colors are colors used in designing web pages, and the methods for describing and specifying those colors. ... In mathematics and computer science, hexadecimal, base-16, or simply hex, is a numeral system with a radix, or base, of 16, usually written using the symbols 0–9 and A–F, or a–f. ... It has been suggested that process color be merged into this article or section. ... For the record label, see Pantone Music. ...
| Scheme | Colour | HTML | CMYK | Textile colour | Pantone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saffron | #FF9933 | 0-50-90-0 | Saffron | 1495c | |
| White | #FFFFFF | 0-0-0-0 | Cool Grey | 1c | |
| Green | #138808 | 100-0-70-30 | India green | 362c | |
| Navy blue | #000080 | 100-98-26-48 | Navy blue | 2755c |
The official (CYMK) value of the top band is (0,50,90,0)—closest to the colour pumpkin—with CYMK = (0,54,90,0); the CYMK value of true saffron and deep saffron (goldenrod) being (4, 23, 81, 5)) and (0, 24, 85, 15)) respectively.[1] Pumpkin is a color that resembles pumpkins. ... Goldenrod is a color that resembles the goldenrod plant. ...
Respect for the flag
Indian law says that the flag must at all times be treated with "dignity, loyalty and respect". The "Flag Code of India – 2002", which superseded "The Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950", governs the display and usage of the flag. Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water, be used as a tablecloth or draped in front of a platform, cover a statue, plaque, cornerstone etc. Until 2005, the flag could not be used in clothing, uniform or costume. On 5 July 2005, the Government of India amended the code, allowing use of the flag as clothing and uniform. It however cannot be used as clothing below the waist or as undergarments.[11] It is also prohibited to embroider the national flag and other symbols onto pillowcases or neckerchiefs.[12] Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down, dipped in anything, or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling. No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag.[2]
Handling of the flag
There are a number of traditional rules of respect that should be observed when handling or displaying the flag. When out in the open, the flag should always be hoisted at sunrise and lowered at sunset, irrespective of the weather conditions. The flag may be also flown on a public building at night under special circumstances. A typical sunrise, in New Zealand A sunrise through clouds over Oakland, California. ... A composite image showing the terminator dividing night from day, running across Europe and Africa. ...
The flag should never be depicted, displayed or flown upside down. Tradition also states that when draped vertically, the flag should not merely be rotated through 90 degrees, but also reversed. One "reads" a flag like the pages of a book, from top to bottom and from left to right, and after rotation the results should be the same. It is also insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state. The same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag, which should always be in a proper state of maintenance.[2] The two lines intersect to create two pairs of vertical angles. ... This article describes the unit of angle. ...
Correct display
Marquee direction (Left)
The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state, that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium, their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost. If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole, this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it. If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs, the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out. The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables, lecterns, podiums or buildings, or be draped from railings.[2] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Flag. ... This article is about angles in geometry. ... For other uses of Ambo, see Ambo, Ethiopia, Kom Ombo, ambulance Ambo (band).
A few days before India became independent on August 1947, the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities.[1] A flag with three colours, Saffron, White and Green with the Ashoka Chakra was selected. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who later became India's first Vice President, clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows: Image File history File links Ashoka_Chakra. ... The Ashoka Chakra (Pronunced as Ashok Chakra, not Ashokaa Chakraa) is an ancient Indian depiction of the Wheel of Life and Cosmic Order (Sanskrit: Chakra, wheel. ... For other uses, see Dharma (disambiguation). ... The Ashoka Chakra (Pronunced as Ashok Chakra, not Ashokaa Chakraa) is an ancient Indian depiction of the Wheel of Life and Cosmic Order (Sanskrit: Chakra, wheel. ... The Vice-President of India is second behind the President in the Executive branch of the Government of India. ...
| “ | Bhagwa or the saffron colour denotes renunciation or disinterestedness. Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to (the) soil, our relation to the plant life here, on which all other life depends. The "Ashoka Chakra" in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma. Truth or satya, dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is death in stagnation. There is life in movement. India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward. The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change.[2] | ” |
A widely held unofficial interpretation is that the saffron stands for purity and spirituality, white for peace and truth, green for fertility and prosperity and the wheel for justice
Please click below link
Animated-Flag-India.gif (278 × 183 pixels, file size: 39 KB, MIME type: image/gif)
Animated-Flag-India.gif (278 × 183 pixels, file size: 39 KB, MIME type: image/gif)
Monday, August 11, 2008
history
On 3 June 1947, Viscount Lord Louis Mountbatten, the last British Governor-General of India, announced the partitioning of the British Indian Empire into India and Pakistan, under the provisions of the Indian Independence Act 1947. At the stroke of midnight, on 15 August 1947, India became an independent nation. This was preceded by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's famous speech titled Tryst with destiny.
| “ | At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance..... We end today a period of ill fortune, and India discovers herself again. | ” |
Prime Minister Nehru and Deputy Prime Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel invited Lord Mountbatten to continue as Governor General of India. He was replaced in June 1948 by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari. Patel took on the responsibility of unifying 565 princely states, steering efforts by his “iron fist in a velvet glove” policies, exemplified by the use of military force to integrate Junagadh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Hyderabad state into India. J&K became a part of India when Pakistan laid siege and the then king Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession with India to save J&K from Pakistan. India responded on behalf of J&K by sending in its armed forces to counteract the Pakistani attack. Later PM Nehru went to UN and a cease fire was declared. Pakistan has not withdrawn its military forces from the occupied Kashmir, and the territory termed as POK (Pakistan Occupied Kashmir) has ever since been a cause of contention between India and Pakistan.
The Constituent Assembly completed the work of drafting the constitution on 26 November 1949; on 26 January 1950 the Republic of India was officially proclaimed. The Constituent Assembly elected Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the first President of India, taking over from Governor General Rajgopalachari. Subsequently, a free and sovereign India absorbed two other territories: Goa (liberated from Portuguese control in 1961) and Pondicherry (which the French ceded in 1954). In 1952, India held its first general elections, with a voter turnout exceeding 62%; in practice, this made India the world's largest democratic country in the history of the modern and ancient world.
india independence day
| Independence Day | |
 The Indian Flag atop the Mantralaya building in Mumbai | |
| Also called | स्वतंत्रता दिवस (Hindi) |
|---|---|
| Observed by | Indians |
| Type | National |
| Date | August 15 |
| Celebrations | Flag hoisting, distribution of sweets in schools, flying kites, singing patriotic songs, entertainment and cultural programmes, march past, speech, etc. |
India's Independence Day (Hindi: स्वतंत्रता दिवस) is celebrated on August 15 to commemorate its independence from the British rule and its birth as a sovereign nation on that day in 1947. The day is a national holiday in India. It is celebrated all over the country through flag-hoisting ceremony and distribution of sweets. The main celebration takes place in New Delhi, where the Prime Minister hoists the National Flag at the Red Fort and delivers a nationally televised speech from its ramparts. In his speech, he highlights the achievements of his government during the past year, raises important issues and gives a call for further development. The Prime Minister also pays his tribute to leaders of the freedom struggle.
Friday, August 8, 2008
history of south asia
        History of South Asia | |
|---|---|
| Stone Age | 70,000–3300 BCE |
| • Mehrgarh Culture | • 7000–3300 BCE |
| Indus Valley Civilization | 3300–1700 BCE |
| Late Harappan Culture | 1700–1300 BCE |
| Vedic period | 1500–500 BCE |
| Iron Age | 1200–300 BCE |
| • Maha Janapadas | • 700–300 BCE |
| • Magadha Empire | • 545 BCE - 550 |
| • Maurya Empire | • 321–184 BCE |
| Middle Kingdoms | 300 BCE–1279 CE |
| • Chera Empire | • 300 BCE–200 CE |
| • Chola Empire | • 250 BCE–1070 CE |
| • Satavahana | • 230 BCE–220 CE |
| • Kushan Empire | • 60–240 CE |
| • Gupta Empire | • 280–550 |
| • Pala Empire | • 750–1174 |
| • Chalukya Dynasty | • 543–753 |
| • Rashtrakuta | • 753–982 |
| • Western Chalukya Empire | • 973–1189 |
| Hoysala Empire | 1040–1346 |
| Kakatiya Empire | 1083–1323 |
| Islamic Sultanates | 1206–1596 |
| • Delhi Sultanate | • 1206–1526 |
| • Deccan Sultanates | • 1490–1596 |
| Ahom Kingdom | 1228–1826 |
| Vijayanagara Empire | 1336–1646 |
| Mughal Empire | 1526–1858 |
| Maratha Empire | 1674–1818 |
| Sikh Confederacy | 1716–1799 |
| Sikh Empire | 1799–1849 |
| British East India Company | 1757–1858 |
| British Raj | 1858–1947 |
| Modern States | 1947–present |
Indian independence movement
The term "Indian independence movement" is diffuse, incorporating various national and regional campaigns, agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant philosophy and involved a wide spectrum of Indian political organizations, philosophies, and movements which had the common aim of ending the British Colonial Authority as well as other colonial administrations in the Indian subcontinent. The initial resistance to the movement can be traced back to the very beginnings of Colonial Expansion in Karnataka by the Portuguese in the 16th century and by the British East India Company in Northern India, in the middle and late 1700s. The mainstream movement from the latter part of the 1800s was increasingly led by the Indian National Congress with prominent moderate leaders seeking only their basic rights to appear for civil services examinations and more rights, economic in nature, for the people of the soil. They used moderate methods of prayer, petition and the press(3p's). Beginning of early 1900s saw a more radical approach towards political independence proposed by leaders as the Lal Bal Pal and Sri Aurobindo. Militant nationalism also emerged in the first decades, culminating in the failed Indo-German Pact and Ghadar Conspiracy during the World War I. The end of the war saw the Congress adopt the policies of nonviolent agitation and civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi. Other leaders, such as Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, later came to adopt a military approach to the movement. The World War II period saw the peak of the movements like INA movement led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose from East Asia and Quit India movement.
India remained a Dominion of The Crown till 26 January 1950, when it adopted its Constitution to proclaim itself a Republic. Pakistan proclaimed itself a Republic in 1956 but faced a number of internal power struggles that has seen suspensions of democracy. In 1971, the Pakistani Civil War culminating in the 1971 War saw the splintering-off of East Pakistan into the nation of Bangladesh.
The independence movement also served as a major catalyst for similar movements in other parts of the world, leading to the eventual disintegration and dismantling of the British Empire and its replacement with the Commonwealth of Nations. Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent resistance inspired the American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968) led by Martin Luther King, Jr., the quest for democracy in Myanmar led by Aung San Suu Kyi and the African National Congress's struggle against apartheid in South Africa led by Nelson Mandela. However not all these leaders adhered to Gandhi's strict principle of nonviolence and nonresistance.
INDEPENDENCE DAY
The world learned the power of nonviolent protest as Gandhi lead the diverse peoples of India in a struggle for home rule. The state of India formally gained independence on August 15, 1947 after centuries of British rule - and years of turmoil - and today continues to mark the day with somber speeches, colorful parades and celebrations....in far-flung communities from New Delhi to New York City.
Join the celebrations and learn more about the events leading up to the historic moment, the heroes of the Independence movement in India and inspirational quotes. Explore the traditional and modern customs that surround the holiday in India and in areas throughout the world where India's emigrees have made their homes.
You'll find e-cards to send Independence Day greetings to family and friends, favorite recipes for sweets, special holiday dishes and kid-friendly resources to help commemorate India's Independence Day...
“Long years ago, we made a tryst with destiny and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge... At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India
will awake to life and freedom.”
Jawaharlal Nehru, (audio) on the eve of independence
India's Freedom Struggle: Online Exhibition at Kamat's Potpourri - A complete resource including historical narrative, battles, notable quotes, biographies of Gandhi, Nehru and more figures in the struggle, key events, related links, and don't miss the multimedia Mahatma Gandhi Album.
Gandhi - An entire site devoted to the man and his mission, with a biography, photos, feature articles, FAQ's and myths, quotations, poems, student projects and more.
I Luv U India - A digital love poem to India with tributes to unsung heroes, discoveries and inventions, places of interest, facts and resources, suggested reading, along with a photo gallery, e-cards.
IndiaPost.com - The online newspaper with reports on upcoming India Independence Day celebrations in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and elsewhere in the USA.
India Independence Day Ringtones - Find a selection of Independence Day tunes and pictures to download to your mobile phone or to send to friends and family..
A Wall of Movies - August 14-15 1947 - A selection of newsreel footage, movie and audio files from the days of independence. Ghandi, Nehru and others can be seen and heard in these classic clips. Includes footage of the Sikh community meeting in Lahore in 1930 in support of Ghandi and later fleeing the riots in Pakistan in 1947.
Indian Independence Day - Kid-friendly resources from indiachild.com and featuring complete lyrics of India's national song, Vande Mataram, flag facts, and a brief history of the freedom struggle.
India's Independence Day E-Card - A choice collection of e-cards with images of the Indian flag together with patriotic sentiments to send to friends and family.
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